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C++ for Beginners

How a C++ program works
The main function and exit code
Quiz — what main returns
Quiz — what the program prints
Compiling and linking
Quiz — compiler or linker error
Exercise: your first function

Built-in types and their sizes
Initialization: =, () and {}
Quiz — which initialization fails to compile
const and constexpr
Quiz — what can be changed
Exercise: temperature conversion
auto, scope and lifetime
Quiz — which variable is visible
Quiz — static inside a function
Exercise: call counter

Arithmetic: integer division, remainder, overflow
Quiz — 7 / 2 and −7 % 3
Comparisons, logic, ++ and --
Quiz — whether the function is called
Bitwise operators, ternary and precedence
Quiz — operator precedence
Exercise: digit sum of a three-digit number
Exercise: bit flags

if, else and initializers in if
Quiz — which if owns the else
switch and fall-through
Quiz — a forgotten break
Exercise: leap year
Exercise: grade from a score

for, while and do-while
Quiz — how many times the loop runs
Quiz — an unsigned countdown
range-for, break and continue
Quiz — what continue skips
Exercise: divisor count
Exercise: is the number prime
Exercise: Collatz steps

Declaration and definition
Parameters: by value and by reference
Quiz — copy or reference
Quiz — a reference to a local variable
Exercise: swap two values
Overloading and default arguments
Quiz — which overload the compiler picks
Exercise: shape areas
Lambdas: a first look
Quiz — what the lambda captures
Exercise: GCD and LCM

Headers and translation units
#include, #define and include guards
Quiz — why #pragma once
Quiz — SQUARE(x + 1)
Linker errors and the ODR
Quiz — undefined reference
Exercise: macros to constexpr

References, lvalues and rvalues
Pointers, addresses and nullptr
Quiz — reference or pointer
Quiz — a function returning a pointer
const T* and T* const
Quiz — what is const here
Exercise: min and max through references
Exercise: find an element, return a pointer

std::string and std::string_view
Quiz — a string_view of a temporary string
C arrays and std::array
Quiz — an array's sizeof in a function
Exercise: palindrome
Exercise: word count

std::vector
Quiz — size and capacity
map, set and unordered_map
Quiz — operator[] on a map
Iterators
Quiz — an iterator after push_back
Quiz — erasing in a loop
Choosing a container
Exercise: remove duplicates
Exercise: word frequencies
Exercise: transpose a matrix

Complexity: O(1), O(n), O(n log n)
Quiz — which complexity
sort, find, count, accumulate and lambdas
Quiz — a comparator for sort
Binary search and recursion
Quiz — the base case of recursion
Exercise: binary search
Exercise: sort by key
Exercise: fast exponentiation

Implicit conversions and static_cast
Quiz — −1 < 0u
const_cast, reinterpret_cast, using and typedef
Quiz — which cast fits
Quiz — using for a type
Exercise: average without overflow

struct, class and access
Constructors and the member initializer list
Quiz — field initialization order
Destructor, rule of zero, const methods
Quiz — a const method
Exercise: bank account
Inheritance
virtual, override and polymorphism
Quiz — a derived object by value
Quiz — what override checks
Quiz — dynamic_cast
Exercise: shapes with a virtual area
Exercise: IntStack class

Stack and heap; new and delete
Quiz — using an object after delete
Quiz — virtual destructor
RAII
Quiz — new and an early return
std::unique_ptr and std::move
Quiz — unique_ptr
std::shared_ptr and weak_ptr
Quiz — shared_ptr
Exercise: ScopeGuard
Exercise: owning buffer on unique_ptr
Exercise: playlist of shared songs

throw, try and catch
Quiz — catch order
Standard exceptions
Quiz — catch by value
RAII, guarantees and noexcept
Quiz — what noexcept does
Quiz — an exception in a destructor

Function templates
Template argument deduction
Quiz — argument deduction
Exercise: generic max
Class templates and specialization
Quiz — templates
Quiz — which specialization is chosen
Exercise: Pair template
Variadic templates: a first look
Quiz — sizeof...
Exercise: a running sum

Threads: why and how
Quiz — a forgotten join
Data races, mutexes and lock_guard
Quiz — what is wrong with ++counter
Quiz — where the mutex is released
Quiz — two mutexes in opposite order
std::atomic
async, future and time: chrono
Quiz — when std::async runs
Exercise: countdown timer

Final project: a catalog and a warehouse
Exercise: book catalog
Exercise: generic warehouse

Courses/C++ for Beginners

Quiz · Memory and Smart Pointers · lesson 3 of 12

Quiz — virtual destructor

Why do base classes need a virtual destructor, and what happens without one?

← BackQuiz — using an object after delete Next →RAII

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