Use `std::weak_ptr` to break cycles of `shared_ptr`s

Reason

shared_ptrs rely on use counting and the use count for a cyclic structure never goes to zero, so we need a mechanism to be able to destroy a cyclic structure.

Example

#include <memory>

class bar;

class foo {
public:
  explicit foo(const std::shared_ptr<bar>& forward_reference)
    : forward_reference_(forward_reference)
  { }
private:
  std::shared_ptr<bar> forward_reference_;
};

class bar {
public:
  explicit bar(const std::weak_ptr<foo>& back_reference)
    : back_reference_(back_reference)
  { }
  void do_something()
  {
    if (auto shared_back_reference = back_reference_.lock()) {
      // Use *shared_back_reference
    }
  }
private:
  std::weak_ptr<foo> back_reference_;
};

Note

??? (HS: A lot of people say "to break cycles", while I think "temporary shared ownership" is more to the point.) ???(BS: breaking cycles is what you must do; temporarily sharing ownership is how you do it. You could "temporarily share ownership" simply by using another shared_ptr.)

Enforcement

??? probably impossible. If we could statically detect cycles, we wouldn't need weak_ptr