Don't use exception specifications

Reason

Exception specifications make error handling brittle, impose a run-time cost, and have been removed from the C++ standard.

Example

int use(int arg)
    throw(X, Y)
{
    // ...
    auto x = f(arg);
    // ...
}

If f() throws an exception different from X and Y the unexpected handler is invoked, which by default terminates. That's OK, but say that we have checked that this cannot happen and f is changed to throw a new exception Z, we now have a crash on our hands unless we change use() (and re-test everything). The snag is that f() might be in a library we do not control and the new exception is not anything that use() can do anything about or is in any way interested in. We can change use() to pass Z through, but now use()'s callers probably need to be modified. This quickly becomes unmanageable. Alternatively, we can add a try-catch to use() to map Z into an acceptable exception. This, too, quickly becomes unmanageable. Note that changes to the set of exceptions often happen at the lowest level of a system (e.g., because of changes to a network library or some middleware), so changes "bubble up" through long call chains. In a large code base, this could mean that nobody could update to a new version of a library until the last user was modified. If use() is part of a library, it might not be possible to update it because a change could affect unknown clients.

The policy of letting exceptions propagate until they reach a function that potentially can handle it has proven itself over the years.

Note

No. This would not be any better had exception specifications been statically enforced. For example, see Stroustrup94.

Note

If no exception can be thrown, use noexcept.

Enforcement

Flag every exception specification.