Avoid "naked" `union`s

Reason

A naked union is a union without an associated indicator which member (if any) it holds, so that the programmer has to keep track. Naked unions are a source of type errors.

Example, bad

union Value {
    int x;
    double d;
};

Value v;
v.d = 987.654;  // v holds a double

So far, so good, but we can easily misuse the union:

cout << v.x << '\n';    // BAD, undefined behavior: v holds a double, but we read it as an int

Note that the type error happened without any explicit cast. When we tested that program the last value printed was 1683627180 which is the integer value for the bit pattern for 987.654. What we have here is an "invisible" type error that happens to give a result that could easily look innocent.

And, talking about "invisible", this code produced no output:

v.x = 123;
cout << v.d << '\n';    // BAD: undefined behavior

Alternative

Wrap a union in a class together with a type field.

The C++17 variant type (found in <variant>) does that for you:

variant<int, double> v;
v = 123;        // v holds an int
int x = get<int>(v);
v = 123.456;    // v holds a double
double w = get<double>(v);

Enforcement

???